Profile of Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation Using the CKD-EPI Method in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Assessing the Risk of Kidney Complications
Authors
How to Cite
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that occurs due to the body's inability to produce and/or use insulin effectively, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases globally, with significant contributing factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and poor dietary habits. In 2019, Indonesia ranked seventh in the world for the number of diabetes cases, with 10.7 million individuals affected. This research used a retrospective, observational, descriptive-analytic approach to assess kidney dysfunction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, using the CKD-EPI equation to estimate eGFR.. The eGFR analysis revealed that most patients had eGFR values below the normal threshold of <90 mL/min/1.73 m², with an average of 77.5 ± 28.51 mL/min/1.73 m², indicating kidney impairment at the early stage. The largest group (45%) showed normal kidney function, while 21% had mild dysfunction. Patients with kidney impairment (eGFR < 90 mL/ min/ 1.73m²) had a higher average fasting blood glucose level (240 ± 82.9 mg/dL) compared to those without kidney impairment. These findings emphasized the importance of early detection and intervention for managing both blood glucose levels and kidney function effectively. Early detection of kidney impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is crucial in preventing further complications and preserving kidney health.
References
DeFronzo, R.A., Reeves, W.B., Awad, A.S., 2021. Pathophysiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease: Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors. Nature Reviews Nephrology 17, 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00393-8
Gembillo, G., Ingrasciotta, Y., Crisafulli, S., Luxi, N., Siligato, R., Santoro, D., Trifiro, G., 2021. Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patients: from Pathophysiology to Pharmacological Aspects with a Focus on Therapeutic Inertia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(9), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2209482
Ismail, L., Materwala, H., Kaabi, J.A., 2021. Association of Risk Factors with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 10(19), 1759-1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.003
Kazi, A.A., Blonde, L., 2019. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 21(1), 1-13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12014079_Classification_of_diabetes_mellitus
[KDIGO] Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes., 2023. Clinical Practice Guideline for The Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, Belgia.
Magliano, D.J., Boyko, E.J., Chair, C., 2021. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition Scientific Committee. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
Mihardja, L., Delima, D., Massie, R., Karnaya, M., Nugroho, P., Yunir, E., 2018. Prevalence of Kidney Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Risk Factors Among Productive Age Indonesian. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders 17(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0338-6
Nazzal, Z., Hamdan, Z., Masri, D., Kaf, O.A., Hamad, M., 2020. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Palestinian Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Nephrology 21(484), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02138-4
Nichols, G.A., Luyet, A.D., Brodovics, K.G., Kimes, T.M., Rosales, A.G., Hauske, S.J., 2020. Kidney Disease Progression and All Cause Mortality Across Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate an Albuminuria Categories Among Patients with vs Without Type 2 Diabetes. BMC Nephrology 21(167), 1-10. https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-01792-
Noronha, I.L. Catharina, G.P.S. Andrade, Coelho, V.A. Filho, W.J. Elias, R.M., 2022. Glomerular Filtration in the Aging Population. Frontiers in Medicine 15(9), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.769329
Pottel, H., 2020. Development and Validation of a Modified Full Age Spectrum Creatinine-Based Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pooled Data. Annals of Internal Medicine 174(2), 1-9. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-4366
Roy, S., Khan, O.S., Jafry, B., Miller, R.M., Raju, R.S., O’Neill, L.M., Correia, C.R., Trivedi, A., Johnson, C., Pilot, C., Saddemi, J., Memon, A., Chen, A., McHugh, S.P., Patel, S., Daroshefski, N.M., Nguyen, T., Wisser, W., Sharma, E., Hunter, K., 2021. Risk Factors and Comorbidities Associated with Diabetic Kidney Disease. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health 12, 1-22. doi: 10.1177/21501327211048556
Saeedi, P., Petersohn, I., Salpea, P., Bright, D., Williams, R., 2019. Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2019 and Projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 157, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
Thomas, B., 2019. The Global Burden of Diabetic Kidney Disease: Time Trends and Gender Gaps. Current Diabetes Reports 19(18), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1133-6
Varghese, R.T., Jialal, I., 2023. Diabetic Nephropathy. StatPearls Publishing, Florida.
Widhyasih, R.M., Sari, R.N.P., Mujianto, B., 2021. Korelasi antara Kadar HbA1c dengan Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus (LFG) pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. Journal of Indonesian Medical Laboratory and Science 2(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.53699/joimedlabs.v2i1.45