Analysis of Parenting Patterns and Nutritional Imbalance as  Risk Factors for Stunting in Toddlers

Niken Widyastuti Hariati; Aprianti Aprianti

doi:10.36590/jika.v7i1.1284

Authors

Niken Widyastuti Hariati Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
Aprianti Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36590/jika.v7i1.1284

Keywords:

nutritional intake, parenting patterns, stunting

Abstract

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that has serious impacts on children's physical growth and cognitive development. In 2023, South Kalimantan Province recorded a stunting prevalence of 24,7%, higher than the national average of 21,5%. This study aimed to examine the feeding practices and nutritional intake balance among stunted children under five in the Sungai Ulin Community Health Center (Puskesmas) service area. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, consisting of a quantitative component using a cross-sectional design, and a qualitative component through in-depth interviews. The quantitative data sample included 66 stunted children aged ?1 year, while the qualitative data sample consisted of 15 mothers or caregivers of stunted children. Data collection and analysis were conducted from March to July 2024. The study findings indicated that 54,5% of the stunted children were under three years old, and 60,6% were male. Additionally, 57,6% of the children had a short stature nutritional status. Energy (51,5%), carbohydrate (63,6%), and iron (57,6%) intake deficits were identified as significant risk factors. The qualitative findings revealed that parental time availability nutritional knowledge, and improper complementary feeding practices contributed to the occurrence of stunting. Interventions promoting balanced diets and educating parents about appropriate feeding practices are essential steps in preventing stunting.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Niken Widyastuti Hariati, Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia

Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia

https://scholar.google.com

Aprianti, Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia

Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Indonesia

https://scholar.google.com

References

Ahmed, K.Y., Dadi, A.F., Ogbo, F.A., Page, A., Aghi, K.E., Akalu, T.Y., Baraki, A.G., Tesema, G.A., Teshale, A.B., Alamneh, T.S., Tessema, Z.T., Kabthymer, R.H., Tamirat, K.S., Ross, A.G., 2023. Population-Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA Network Open 2(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.38321

Aprillia, R., Andalasari, E., Naysilla, A.V., Amalia, A.P., Wijirahayu, S., 2024. The Relationship Between Parental Knowledge and Children Nutritional Status. [Prosiding]. Forum for University Scholars in Interdisciplinary Opportunities and Networking Universitas Terbuka. https://prosiding.ut.ac.id/

Babys, I.S., Dewi, Y.L.R., Rahardjo, S.S., 2022. The Effect of Complementary Feeding Practice on Stunting in Children Aged 6-59 Months: A Meta?Analysis. Journal of Maternal and Child Health 7(4), 1005-1013. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.04.10

Bella, N.A., Fauzia, F.R., Mahfida, S.L., 2024. Parental Feeding Styles Related to The Stunting in Sleman, Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 19(2), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.Supp.2.314-321

Benedict, R.K., Pullum, T.W., Riese, S., Milner, E., 2024. Is Child Anemia Associated with Early Childhood Development? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Nine Demographic and Health Surveys. Plos One 19(2), 1-16. Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0298967

Callahan, A., Leonard, H., Powell, T., 2024. Nutrition Science and Everyday Application: Energy Balance-Energy in, Energy Out-Yet Not As Simple As it Seems. Medicine LibreTexts, California. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Book%3A_Nutrition_Science_and_Everyday_Application

Caroline, T., Kate, N., Susan, W., Pauline, E., 2016. Macro and Micronutrient Intakes in Picky Eaters: A Cause for Concern? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104(6), 1647-1656. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.137356

Clemente-Suárez, V.J., Mielgo-Ayuso. J., Rodríguez, A.M., Ramos-Campo, D.J., Redondo-Flórez, L., Tornero-Aguilera, JF., 2022. The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease. Nutrients 14(18), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183809

Cornell, L., Arita, K., Goodrich, R., 2020. Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, E, and K in Geriatric Gastroenterology. Springer, Berlin.

Cronin, P., Joyce, S.A., O’Toole, P.W., O’Connor, E.M., 2021. Dietary Fibre Modulates The Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 13(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051655

(DGA) Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee., 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020?Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Department of Agriculture, Washington. https://doi.org/10.52570/DGAC2020

Dewi, P., Khomsan, A., Dwiriani, C.M., 2024. Household Food Security and Stunting in Under-Five Children in Indonesia: A Systematic Review. Media Gizi Indonesia 19(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v19i1.17-27

Elisanti, A.D., Jayanti, R.D., Amareta, D.I., Ardianto, E.T., Wikurendra, E.A., 2023. Macronutrient Intake in Stunted and Non-Stunted Toddlers in Jember, Indonesia. Journal of public health research 12(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036231197178

Fauziah, F., Daud, M., Akmalia, A., 2024. Hubungan Asupan Gizi dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Desa Miruk Lamredeup Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jurnal Ventilator 2(4), 166-175. https://jurnal.stikeskesdam4dip.ac.id/index.php/Ventilator/article/view/1545

Gould, J.F., Makrides, M., Sullivan, T.R., McPhee, A.J., Gibson, R.A., Bednarz, J.M., Collins, C.T., 2023. Subgroup Analyses of A Randomized Trial of DHA Supplementation for Infants Born Preterm with Assessments of Cognitive Development up to 7?Uears of Age: What happens in infants born <29?weeks’ gestation? Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 198, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102593

Gowele, V.F., Kinabo, J., Jumbe, T., Rybak, C., Stuetz, W., 2021. High Prevalence of Stunting and Anaemia is Associated with Multiple Micronutrient Deficiencies in School Children of Small-Scale Farmers from Chamwino and Kilosa Districts, Tanzania. Nutrients 13(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051576

Hijra, H., Muis, S.F., Kartasurya, M.I., 2016. Inappropriate Complementary Feeding Practice Increases Risk of Stunting in Children Aged 12–24 Months. Universa Medicina 35(3), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2016.v35.146-155

Jordan, A.A., Appugliese, D.P., Miller, A.L., Lumeng, J.C., Rosenblum, K.L., Pesch, M.H., 2020. Maternal Prompting Types and Child Vegetable Intake: Exploring the Moderating Role of Picky Eating. Appetite 146, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104518

(Kemenkes) Kementerian Kesehatan., 2023. Intervensi Spesifik Pencegahan Stunting. Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Masyarakat Kemenkes RI.

(Kemenkes) Kementerian Kesehatan., 2024. Apa Itu Stunting. Kemenkes RI, Jakarta.

Lui, N., 2024. Healthy Eating: What’s the Difference Between Insoluble and Soluble Fiber, According to A Dietitian [WWW Document]. https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7962360/what-is-the-difference-between-insoluble-and-soluble-fiber-according-to-a-dietitian/

Mahfouz, E.M., Mohammed, E.S., Alkilany, S.F., Abdel Rahman, T.A., 2022. The Relationship Between Dietary Intake and Stunting Among Pre-School Children in Upper Egypt. Public Health Nutrition 25(8), 2179-2187. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100389X

Moumin, N.A., Green, T.J., Golley, R.K., Netting, M.J., 2020. Are The Nutrient and Textural Properties of Australian Commercial Infant and Toddler Foods Consistent with Infant Feeding Advice? British Journal of Nutrition 124(7), 754-760. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001695

Murniati, C., 2022. Perkembangan Motorik, Bahasa, Psikososial Balita Stunting: Literature Review. Jurnal Keluarga Berencana 7(1), 11-21. https://ejurnal.bkkbn.go.id/kkb/article/view/123

Muth, N.D., Tanaka, M., 2023. Clinician’s Guide to Pediatric Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics Publications, Itasca.

Natara, A.I., Siswati, T., Sitasari, A., 2023. Asupan Zat Gizi Makro dan Mikro dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 12-59 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Radamata. Journal of Nutrition College 12(3), 192-197. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v12i3.34499

Norman, E., 2023. Unsaturated Fats and Child Health: Nourishing The Future with Good Fats. Journal of Childhood Obesity 8(3), 1-2. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/unsaturated-fats-and-child-health-nourishing-the-future-with-good-fats-122193.html

Oktarina, C., Dilantika, C., Sitorus, N.L., Basrowi, R.W., 2024. Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Stunting in Pediatric Populations in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children 11(10), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101268

Parikh, P., Semba, R., Manary, M., Swaminathan, S., Undomkesmalee, E., Bos, R., Poh, B.K., Rojroongwasinkul, N., Geurts, 2021. Animal Source Foods, Rich in Essential Amino Acids, Are Important for Linear Growth and Development of Young Children in Low-And Middle-Income Countries. Maternal and Child Nutrition 18(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13264

Permatasari, T.A.E., 2020. Pengaruh Pola Asuh Pemberian Makan terhadap Kejadian Stunting pada Balita. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas 14(2), 3-11. https://jurnal.fkm.unand.ac.id/index.php/jkma/article/view/527

Pivina, L., Semenova, Y., Do?a, M.D., Dauletyarova, M., Bjørklund, G., 2019. Iron Deficiency, Cognitive Functions, and Neurobehavioral Disorders in Children. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 68(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01276-1

Pradnyawati, L.G., Kartinawati, K.T., Juwita, D.A., 2019. Parenting Pattern of Feeding in Stunting Toddlers at The Working Area of Tegallalang I Primary Health Centre. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health 2(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.47019

Prasetyo, Y.B., Permatasari, P., Susanti, H.D., 2023. The Effect of Mothers’ Nutritional Education and Knowledge on Children’s Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy 17(11), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-023-00114-7

Prijono, M., Andarwulan, N., Palupi, N.S., 2020. Perbedaan Konsumsi Pangan dan Asupan Gizi pada Balita Stunting dan Normal di Lima Provinsi di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Food Quality 7(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.29244/jmpi.2020.7.2.73

Raiten, D.J., Bremer, A.A., 2020. Exploring The Nutritional Ecology of Stunting: New Approaches to an Old Problem. Nutrients 12(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020371

Rozali, Z.F., 2024. Mini review: Peran Fisiologis Pati Resisten sebagai Substrat Bakteri Kolon dalam Produksi Asam Lemak Rantai Pendek. Jurnal Bioleuser 8(1), 26-32. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/bioleuser/article/view/40012/21402

Santos, A.F., Fernandes, C., Fernandes, M., Santos, A.J., Veríssimo, M., 2022. Associations Between Emotion Regulation, Feeding Practices, and Preschoolers’ Food Consumption. Nutrients 14(19), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194184

(SKI) Survei Kesehatan Indonesia., 2023. Hasil Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) Tahun 2023. Kemenkes RI, Jakarta.

Ssentongo, P., Ba, D.M., Ssentongo, A.E., Fronterre, C., Whalen, A., Yang, Y., Ericson, J.E., Chinchilli, V.M., 2020. Association of Vitamin A Deficiency with Early Childhood Stunting in Uganda: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Plos One 15(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233615

(SSGI) Survei Status Gizi Indonesia., 2022. Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia Tahun 2022. Kemenkes RI, Jakarta.

Sunarto., Fitriyanti, A.R., 2021. Kecukupan Energi dan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD) terhadap Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 6-23 Bulan. Jurnal LINK 15(1), 67-72.

Szabó, É., Csölle, I., Fels?, R., Kuellenberg de Gaudry, D., Nyakundi, P. N., Ibrahim, K., Metzendorf, M. I., Ferenci, T., Lohner, S., 2023. Benefits and Harms of Edible Vegetable Oils and Fats Fortified with Vitamins A and D As A Public Health Intervention in The General Population: A Systematic Review of Interventions. Nutrients 15(24), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245135

Tournier, C., Demonteil, L., Ksiazek, E., Marduel, A., Weenen, H., Nicklaus, S., 2021. Factors Associated with Food Texture Acceptance in 4- to 36-Month-Old French Children: Findings from A Survey Study. Frontiers in Nutrition 7, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.616484

(WHO) World Health Organization., 2010. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS): Country Profile Indicators: Interpretation guide.

Xiong, T., Wu, Y., Hu, J., Xu, S., Li, Y., Kong, B., Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Tang, Y., Yao, P., Xiong, J., Li, Y., 2023. Associations Between High Protein Intake, Linear Growth, and Stunting in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 15(22), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224821

Yunitasari, E., Faisal, A.H., Efendi, F., Kusumaningrum, T., Chong, C., 2022. Factors Associated with Complementary Feeding Practices Among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Indonesia. BMC Pediatrics 22(727), 1-8. https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03728-x